What Makes A Look Fashionable - 1484 Words

With this in mind, it’s also important to remember that although consumers play a major role in selecting styles, it’s fashion experts that are what truly makes a look fashionable in the first place (Farennikova and Prinz 98). This brings us to our next fashion condition which is that â€Å"individuals regarded as experts, though not necessarily fashion professionals, must endorse the look† (Farennikova and Prinz 104). This simply refers to how an expert, using their specific taste, will pinpoint and predict a certain trend that is then regarded in the media as fashionable due to the mere mention of it by these particular people of power. They can range from a public figure like Kate Moss to a familiar fashion figure such as Anna Wintour who,†¦show more content†¦This being said, this expertise all depends on the level of fashion being compared originally; whether it’s anything from High Fashion to Haute Couture, the absurdly priced and impeccably constructed fashion which is by no means intended for the average wearer. Many of these pieces are mere exaggerations of the possible styles to arise from them (with their actually use being to remain on the runway and kept separate from the consumers), this fashion is different then mass-fashion which is something that experts do not have a say in regardless of the occasion. â€Å"In mass-fashion, they will tell us to take the trend to the streets; in High Fashion, the command is to worship.† (Farennikova and Prinz 100-101). This can be said for the Spring 2016 Gucci Collection which is both immaculately crafted and likely astronomically priced if its availability is an option at all. Unless you near future involves plans of wearing a magenta lace neck-ruff paired with a matching pink floral suit and blue sneakers in the coming seasons, it is unlikely you’ll be banging down doors in order to acquire this distinct look. This is why mass-fashion is selected and flouris hes independently from experts, but they’re still the leading cause as to how you ended up with that eclectic style or look in the first place (Farennikova and Prinz 100). As a side note, this can also lead to the topic of â€Å"timeless fashion† and whether or

Teen Pregnancy Analysis Free Essays

Teen pregnancy has become an increasing problem over the years. Parents, teachers and teens alike all fear for the same thing, teen pregnancy. In several studies the question always remain the same what is the cause of teen pregnancy other than the obvious answer, why is this continuing to increase over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents always feel that they were not strict enough. Teachers feel that the teens are either rebellious or that they did something wrong with their teaching. Teens feel all sorts of things that adults do not always understand. The studies that will be discussed are focused on teens and what they feel the problem is that causes teens to become young mothers. The research process with the articles that I have chosen is surveying teens to find out the source of the problem. In these articles the goal is to find out the point of view of the teens and to come up with a solution to rising problem of teen pregnancy. The literature was reviewed by several peers and doctors to come up with the opinions and solutions that were revised in the article. In this week’s reading of our text, it was discussed the importance of valid results, and not being biased to one side or another. It was discussed that results can differ from group to group of participants so making sure that the results are valid is important. Also, it is important to make sure that the sources are reliable as well. It would be wrong to ask parents only why they feel teen pregnancy is increasing so much being that teens are the ones involved in these studies. The ethical considerations for data collection is not to violate the teens right to have their voices heard with out having to fear what their parents will know about their sex life. An article in the Apollo library titled â€Å"Rural teen pregnancy reflections who will Listen? † discusses a study that was done on teens with surveying the teens in many different schools to find where this problem stems from. It is determined that most teens feel that they have a lack of information on teen pregnancy and sexual awareness, until hitting high school, which in many cases is too late to receive this information. A series of questions were asked in survey form, teens felt they were receiving information too late and they were self educated themselves long before they learned it from school, or their parents. With media being as violent, and sexual content today that we did not have twenty years ago, kids are curious about sex at younger ages, some even in elementary school. The data that was collected was taken straight from the affected age and targeted different reasons that effect teen pregnancy. They asked a question that was thought to be the reason and asked open ended questions as well meaning questions that do not have a yes or no answer but ones where the teens were forced to give their opinions. In this study the teen’s names were not given, the goal was not to know who the teens were, but to know what can be done to make the awareness of this problem known to teens and their parents. Another study that was performed in this article was on teen a parent who shows that many teen parents do not finish high school and live their adult lives in poverty. Teens who have troubled homes are more likely to become teen parents looking for that security that they have lacked at home, building their own family will give them the love they desire in their mind but they are likely to neglect and or abuse their child or children not intentionally but just out of lack of knowing how to care for their child, when they are still children themselves. Another result of this study reviewed that most teen parents do not marry the father or mother of the baby and the ones that do end in divorce in most cases. Many teen parents will be single parents within the first two years of the child’s life. The end result also proves that teens will have higher risk pregnancies and premature, under nourished babies will be born for lack of knowledge of how to take care of a baby in the womb. Another result of this is because the teen mother’s body was not ready for the change of having a baby. Many health problems in the child and mother’s life results from this as well such as possible asthma in the baby and osteoporosis at an early age for the mother. There are many reasons found in these studies over a few weeks time that teens did not realize to be an issue. From the teens point of view the main issue that was found was that they are not aware of precautions from teen pregnancies and resources that are available to them such as free birth control from the local health department and teen counseling services to encourage practicing safe sex and abstinence as well as lack of information on how pregnancies happen. It has been proven from these studies that these discussion need to occur in middle school or even elementary school. This study showed more statistics that have been proven throughout the years. The end result also proves that teens will have higher risk pregnancies and premature, under nourished babies will be born for lack of knowledge of how to take care of a baby in the womb. Another result of this is because the teen mother’s body was not in the child and mother’s life results from this as well such as possible asthma in the baby and osteoporosis at an early age for the mother. In both studies, the results were determined by questionnaires to teens and teen mothers to determine what the cause of teen pregnancy in their mind was. There have always been theories that teens don’t care about using protection, or that they want to be pregnant but these studies have confirmed that this is not always the case. This case study was a hard one to do at first because teens do not want their friends to pick on them in school for their answers or that they participated so once the barrier was broken there, the case study could be done effectively. The end result was successful because it gave teachers, parents, doctors and teens the tools they needed to change this. The hope is that over the next few years teen pregnancy will decrease dramatically. These health problems are caused because the teen mothers’ body is not fully developed so their body is not ready to bear the weight a pregnant women must bear. In conclusion, the data showed to be effective in both forms of research in both articles. The first article took the approach of survey research for the targeted group which is teens to find a cause of the problem which seems to be a lack of communication between teens and adults, and also a lack of information soon enough for teens. In the other article medical research was done to prove that teen mothers are more likely to develop bone problems earlier in life as their bones were not ready for the pressure a pregnancy causes. Another source that was used in this analysis was the census of teen mothers that drop out of high school and live in poverty trying to upport their children. This trend seems to pass down the genetic line as these homes become problem homes as well and the teens just want love they lacked growing up. Therapy has proven to change this trend as the children of teen mothers need to know how to cope with living in poverty, feeling rejection from their fathers or mothers, and dealing with not seeing their parent as often as their peers as most teen par ents work at least two jobs to provide for their children and still remain in poverty. These problems are being addressed and teen pregnancy is estimated to decrease as more and more resources are becoming available to target teens and warn them of what it really is like being a teen parent. I feel that both of these articles give ample information to effectively make decisions on the studies because there are several teens involved as well as medical studies to support the analysis that was determined. References: Rural teen pregnancy reflections Who will Listen?(2013) retrieved from http://apololibrary .com Teen pregnancy associated with future osteoporosis (2012) retrieved from http://apololibrary.com How to cite Teen Pregnancy Analysis, Papers

Corporate Governance And Ethics Case Of Rana Plaza Garment Factory

Questions: 1. In April 2013, the Rana Plaza garment factory collapsed upon its workforce, killing approximately 1,200 workers and injuring about another 2,000. The incident served to highlight the plight of low-paid Bangladeshi workers forced to work in dangerous conditions for the profit of big multinationals and shoppers in first world countries who want $2 shirts. Are You Daunted by the Thought of due Case Study ? Avail Our Services and Receive Case study Help from experts. You are to investigate what happened at Rana Plaza and identify the ethical issues involved. Explain whether these issues are particularly difficult or unique to multinational companies (MNCs). 2.Continuing with the Rana Plaza case, investigate what has happened since for the people of Bangladesh, and whether the MNCs associated with Rana have done more to recognise and act upon their ethical obligations. You should also look at how social media has placed pressure upon these MNCs through activism and stakeholder pressure. Does social media continue to play a positive role for the workers of Bangladesh, or is it only interested in a quick "Twitter moment"? Answers: Introduction On 24th April 2013, around 1200 textile workers died due to the collapse of the Rana Plaza in Bangladesh. As per the records of The Guardian, the building collapsed due to the illegal construction of the additional two floors on the substandard building. The incident was a loop hole in the history of ethical issues. The report here deals with the identification of the ethical issue concerned with the incident. Moreover the report will also deal with ascertaining of the role of social media in relieving the Bangladeshi workers in this situation (www.theguardian.com, 2014). 1. Rana Plaza collapse history The deadly industrial disaster of Bangladesh was essentially a case of corrupt system. The Rana Plaza building which was an eight storey building providing accommodation to several garment factories was situated in Savar, which is 24 kms away from Dhaka. Bangladesh is characterized as the second largest apparel exporter (Mohammadrezaei et al. 2012). According to the media reports the workers at the Plaza reported of seeing cracks within the building before the collapse day and informed the authorizes about the same. However the authorities did not bother to take any precautionary steps n this matter. Moreover press reports suggests that on the day of collapse the workers were forced to work and threatened with a salary cut if they restrained from working. Although the industrial authorities had order the factory owners to keep the factories closed till restructuring of the building was done, however the order went unaddressed. Major Western high street brands like Primark, Matalan, Benetton, Bonmarche, El Corte, Ingels and Mango were related with the garment factories of Rana Plaza. Although the brands are popular among the western customers however the supply chain of these companies are not ethical(openDemocracy, 2015). Causes of the collapse After the great loss of the lives in the collapse of Rana Plaza the industrial authorities in Bangladesh focused on the proximate causes of the collapse. The following major reasons were highlighted Planning permission: Siegle (2013) opined that the building had permission for six storey construction however the use of unethical political connections enabled the builder and the owner of the Plaza to extend it to around eight storey. The building owner Mohammad Sohel Rana was portrayed as an unscrupulous businessman having ties with the ruling party. Competitive struggle: Bangladesh being a developed country is depended largely on the export earnings from the garment trade with the Western developed countries like London and USA. Around 82%of the total Bangladeshi employment is seen in the garment sector. With the increasing competition pace of the cheap high end clothing brands like HM, Gap, Primark etc the Bangladeshi workers are pressurized to work under high speed and low time to produce fashionable and cheap clothes. As the demand of these clothes increases in the Western market the companies are pressuring the Bangladeshi workers to increase the supply. Hence they are forced to work in difficult and risky working conditions. Lack of labor security: On investigation of the situation it can be suitably suggested that the lack of proper labor protection laws was the most important reason behind the industrial disaster of Rana Plaza. The Labor law 2006 executed by the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Bangladesh did not mention any rules against the tyranny of the garment show owners in Bangladesh. Hence the owner of Rana Plaza was able to force the workers to work even under the risky situations. The press reports suggests that the Accord on Fire and Building Safety act which was signed by the shop owners of different developed countries were not formulated by the Bangladeshi shop owners (Jia, 2014). Unethical Global trading policies: The relaxation of the trade agreements, traffic rules, labor laws and the end of the Multi Fiber Arrangement which is an international quota system reduced the price of the fashionable garment industry to a large extent (Bracdart, 2013). The companies by employing unethical trading practices created an urge for the cheap priced fashionable clothes among the western customer segment that purchased the clothes as a luxury item and not as a necessity. However the result of this unethical trade practice was the loss of more than 1000 Bangladeshi lives. Poor supply chain process: Jo and Harjoto (2011) opined that the global retail companies should have a more transparent supply chain process. Majority of the retailers like Primark and Gap dont have full control over the supply chain process. There is a lack of sustainable supply chain in the retail companies. They are not aware of the origin and the working conditions of the garment producers. The supply chain process is not monitored and the companies are only bothered about the procurement of the garments from the middleman rather than being concerned about the factories Ethical issues involved in the case Unethical supply chain system: The supply chain system was not transparent due to the lack of accountability in the Rana Plaza case. Emenalo (2012) opined that sub contracting is a common issue within the retail sector which presents both reputational and economic risk to the major clothing brands. The unethical practices are also seen in the low profit margins of the supply chain system. Although supply chain system is the most important element of retail industry however the brands like Primark, HM, Mango and GAP spend relatively low investment in the supply chain management system. According to Simpson and Taylor (2013) without a robust supply chain management maintaining confidence in ethical practice is a constant challenge. Infrastructural integrity: The immediate cause of the collapse of Rana Plaza was poor construction. As per the reports of Asian disaster Preparedness centre the building was solely constructed for retail stores purpose however the building hosted three unethical garment factories (Hossain et al. 2013). As per the Bangladesh National Building code Rana Plaza was not supposed to bear the pressure of thousands of workers and electric generators which were unethically placed within the building. Dhaka Metropolitan Building Construction Rules 1996 shows that the load bearing support columns were also constructed haphazardly which resulted in the rack of the building. Moreover the land experts have pointed out that the building was developed on a potentially soft ground which resulted in the collapse of the building. The high range of profits induced the building owner to overlook the situations and construct the building in an unethical manner. Unethical labor practice: Simpson and Taylor (2013) suggested that due to weak and fragmented labor movement, physical assaults on the trade union leaders and maintenance of high degree of bureaucracy within the political system of Bangladesh, the labors were not able to protest against the workplace harassments and risks occurring in Bangladesh retail industry. The labor rights formulated by the government of Bangladesh are not enforced within the National Labor Law. The lack of opportunity of collective bargaining has increased the level of unethical trade practices in Bangladesh. Poor working conditions: The retail sector of Bangladesh pays very low wage rate to the garment workers and also spend around 11% of the total revenue in the improving the working conditions of the readymade garment workers. Siegle (2013) opined that the lack of social auditing system within the organizational context of Bangladesh is the major reason for the rise of unethical workplace conditions. Hence the lack of social audit system prevents the shop owners from analyzing the routine occupational problems of the labors and since they are not accountable to any higher authority hence they pay less focus on these matters. Some of the poor working conditions experienced in Rana Plaza includes gates constructed in locked floors, overcrowding of the factory floor, windows barred, exposed electrical equipments and non working fire extinguishers. Soltani and Maupeti (2013) stated that instances of falsified HR records for passing of the audit system are seen in case of majority of the or ganizations operating in Bangladesh. Moreover on viewing of the registration issues of the workers it was found that the garment companies employed around 100 unregistered employees to work illegally in order to meet the rising demands for the clothing products. Lack of business ethics in global business scenario: In the present scenario the business organizations are only concerned about the financial outcome and are not bothered about maintaining the code of ethics within the business process. Open Democracy (2015) opined that cultural relativism is a concept where a moral value varies from one country to another. Hence business organizations in UK and USA may have a cultural value of ignoring ethical values for business purpose however the same is unacceptable in developing countries like Bangladesh. Evaluation of the similar issues in MNC,s Jo and Harjoto (2011) opined that issues of unfair trading practices are not different or unique to the MNCs. The instances of unethical practices are also seen in Wal mart one of the biggest retail chains of the world. The employees at Wal mart complains of poor working conditions which includes lack of adequate fire alarm, long working hours in winters, excess work pressure and slippery floors at workplace. Siegle (2013) suggested that the size and the financial power of the MNCs results in exploitation of natural and human resources, unfair competitions and control of countries. In another instance of BHP Billiton the company faced a global ethical issue in respect of human rights abuses. Again in the year 2012 a similar incident to Rana Plaza was seen in the Tazreen Fashion factory in Dhaka were a fire breakout killed around 117 garment workers and injured around 200 workers. The major MNCs who sourced clothes from Tazreen included Walmart, US marines, Dutch company CA, Li and Fung and IKEA. On investigation the reason behind the fire was found that poor working conditions and unethical electrical structuring lead to short circuit within the building (www.abc.net.au, 2014). Hence instances of highly unethical trading practices are common within the large business process of the MNCs. 2. Analysis of improvements in Bangladesh after Rana Plaza case A year after the collapse of the building the government of Bangladesh adopted a slow but steady process of improving the working conditions of the Readymade Garment (RMG) workers. Safety Policy formulations: The government revised the plan of action of the National Tripartite Plan of action on Fire safety (NTPA) to improve the working conditions of the RMG workers. Moreover the Accord on Fire and building Safety in Bangladesh was signed by the MNCs on May 2013 which establishes an improvement program for the building safety measures (openDemocracy, 2015). The Accord thus established provides for norms for the national and international inspectors to make independent inspections of around 1500 garment factories. Moreover the North American brands had set up an alternative initiative called the Alliance for Bangladesh Workers safety which also provided regulations for voluntary loans and inspections for renovations o over 700 factories. However as per the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association the accord closes the factories without providing for any financial funding for renovation. This is leading to huge job loss in RMG industry of Bangladesh. Hence the establishments of the policies are not totally beneficial for the workers (www.theguardian.com, 2014). The Accord has also successfully started to construct fire doors, lock gates, support structure, fire stairs, automatic alarms and enclosed electrical cables for the purpose of renovation of the working buildings. The rules of Accord also suggest that the factory owner should have to pay the labors for 6 months in the view of ongoing renovation within the factory premises. Training program: The accord also mentions laws for including training programs for the selected trade leaders to make them better trade union representatives. Moreover the system plans to provide training on labor laws, employability issues, collective bargaining process, wage structure and occupational health and safety issue to the workers representatives so that they can fight for their own rights. Labor laws: After the collapse case of Rana Plaza the amendments were made in the Labor law of Bangladesh. A positive change was seen in the amended section 178 subsection (3) of the law which made successful and compulsory registration of around 146 labor unions in Bangladesh. (Mohammadrezaei, et al. 2012) opined that the presence of an active labor union helps the employees to voice their opinions as well as gives them a collective bargaining power. Compensation arrangement: The Rana Plaza Donors Trust fund was established by the International Labor Organization (ILO) with an expectation to collect around $40 million in order to provide reasonable compensation to the survivors and victims. However due to the existence of subcontract with MNCs majority of the MNCs refused from contributing to the fund and hence the compensation was not sufficiently paid to the victims (www.theguardian.com, 2014). Trade laws: The operations of RMG industry of Bangladesh are directly linked with the EU countries. Mohammadrezaei et al. (2012) opined that a duty free access offered by the EU countries and the low rate of wages in Bangladesh has helped Bangladesh to become the largest exporter of garments to Europe. However with the grave Rana Plaza issue the EU announced to stringent the trade conditions with Bangladesh so that the exporting demand can be reduced and the unethical work pressure can be reduced on RMG workers. BSR initiatives: To prevent any further calamities similar to that of Rana Plaza, the BSR took initiatives in remodeling the supply chain management practice, established a human rights commission group, build a HER project and established a center for sustainable procurement. According to the reports of The Guardian the incident has triggered the sense within the consumers about the supply chain issues and the Bangladesh Centre for Workers Solidarity has been targeted by the Bangladesh government to operate freely on behalf of the garment workers (Hossain et al. 2013). Analysis of ethical practices implemented by MNCs involved in the case Major retail brands namely Primark, Wal-mart and ASDA had effectively contributed to the funds of compensation in order to make an ethical business practice. However brands like Benetton, Store21, and Robe Di Kappa etc refrained from any kind of business sustainability. As per the reports of the Forbes the Canadian fast Fashion Brand Joe Fresh was one of the first brands to make initial visits to the collapsed place and also make initial contributions for the victims compensation. However some of the companies like Disney withdrew their operations entirely from Bangladesh due the pressures created by the social activists concerning with improvement of workplace safety (www.theguardian.com , 2014). The rising death toll in the Rana Plaza collapse had forced the western brands to make a choice of either abandoning the country or stay and improve the economic situations. However Siegle (2013) opined that the abandoning would have been a financial loss for the brands as they would have source garments at higher costs, media criticisms for abandoning a poor nation and also poorer working conditions in other low wage countries. Hence majority of the retailers namely Wal Mart, HM, Mango, Childrens Place, Gap and Benetton decided to continue the operations with Bangladesh however they decided to reduce the amount of export. Role of social media in the case Emenalo (2012) have commented that there are three different kinds of media namely collaborative projects (Wikipedia), Blogs and micro blogs (Twitter), content communities (Youtube) and social networking sites (Face book). Each of the media has a different effect on the society and the government rules. On assessing the contribution of Brands for Rana Plaza victim compensations, it was found that majority of the MNCs performed this act due the pressure of the media. Jia (2014) opined that the dramatic rise of 24 hour news channels, online comment able sites like Twitter and Face book can make the minute business practices viral in minutes. The activists groups take the help of the social media to publicly convey information and voice their protests against company and government policies. The collapse of the Rana Plaza building alarmed the Western brands and the visuals of the building rubble along with the injured victims created a diverse emotion in the minds of the western consumers. The Face book took the opportunity of posting the pictures of the disaster in the home page of brands like Joe Fresh, Mango and Benetton. The corporate reputation of the brands were hampered by this action and majority of the sales declined as the angry consumers who were unaware of the regime working conditions of the Bangladeshi workers came to know about the consequences. Jia (2014) hence commented that media adds a fuel to the fire. The news highlights in the Western news articles published by Forbes and Guardian also highlighted the facts that the brands associated with the Rana Plaza building were least interested about the safety of the workers as they sourced product on a sub contracted manner at a very negligible wage rate. This made the retailers face street protests from the consumers of the cheap western clothes. Hence different media group took the opportunity to highlight the distress of the Bangladeshi workers so that the EU as well as the exporting brands pay concern about the distress and implement steps in order to improve the present situation of the workers. The You Tube videos showcasing the grievances and the pathetic conditions of the survivors made the situation serious in the mind of the customers (Siegle, 2013). Conclusion The report sheds light on the biggest industrial disaster of the century, the collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh. From the above analysis it is clear that the unethical trade practices, opaque supply chain system, lack of accountability, low wage rate and high demand for cheap clothes, excessive work pressure and lack of proper infrastructural facilities were the major reasons behind the collapse of the building which resulted in death of around 1121 workers. Although the potential improvements have been made in the working system of the Bangladeshi workers however there is still no appropriate labor policy and no instances of workplace safety. The social media however helped in highlighting the issues and the tragedies which attracted the funds from the exporting brands as compensation or the victims. However there is still a scope of improvement of the social conditions of the workers. References Books Simpson, J. and Taylor, J. (2013). Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page. Journals Bracdart, X. (2013). Financial distress and corporate governance: the impact of the CEO. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 8(4), p.289. Emenalo, C. (2012). Corporate governance systems as dynamic institutions: Towards a dynamic model of corporate governance systems. Afr J Bus Ethics, 6(1), p.39. Hossain, M., Nahar, N., Nayan, M., Jahan Ema, A. and Arafat Alve, M. (2013). Experience of Bangladeshi occupational therapists with Rana Plaza Tragedy  survivors: recovery and rehabilitation phases of disaster management. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 68(1), pp.14-19. Jia, X. (2014). Corporate Governance in State Controlled Enterprises. Journal of Business Systems, Governance Ethics, 1(3). Jo, H. and Harjoto, M. (2011). The Causal Effect of Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1), pp.53-72. Mohammadrezaei, F., Saleh, N. and Banimahd, B. (2012). Political economy of corporate governance: the case of Iran. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 7(4), p.301. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C. (2013). Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes. J Manag Gov.

The Award of Best Commercial Goes to... free essay sample

This includes three for individual excellence and seven for team execution. The main objective of these awards is to inspire, celebrate and reward the organization. The three individual winners were chosen by a nine-member team of senior marketers and seven team category winners were determined during the awards night based on the votes from the audience. The audience took into account the business results of the each contesting team, from the two-minute video presentation of each team. The winners just get pride of performance, as these awards are a mean to motivate the employees and to celebrate the great achievements done by them. Answer Question # 01: To improve the organizational effectiveness at Procter Gamble Canada through the awards event, we should consider the â€Å"High Performance Work Practices (HPWP) perspective†. As the organizations are considered effective when they have a good fit with their external environment, have efficient adaptive internal subsystems and at the same time are satisfying the needs of the stakeholders (Employees are a part of stakeholders). We will write a custom essay sample on The Award of Best Commercial Goes to or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are numerous high performance work practices, Like employees involvement and job autonomy, both tends to improve decision making and employee motivation. They often form to self directed teams. Employee competency is another important HPWP; Successful organizations invest in employee development through training, which excels the employee’s output. The most important HPWP is to link skills and performances of employees to various types of financial and non financial rewards, valued by the employees. At present, PG Canada is rewarding the employees by nonfinancial rewards, but they should consider and link the performances of individuals and teams with financial rewards, that the employees value more. This will definitely improve the organizational effectiveness in PG Canada through this awards event. Answer Question # 02: Evaluation of PG awards event against the five strategies for improving reward effectiveness, Link Rewards to Performance: According to the OB modification theory and expectancy theory, employees with better performance should be rewarded more than those with poorer performance. PG Canada should apply this pay-performance linkage by minimizing the inconsistencies and bias through gain sharing, ESOPs, and other plans. PG Canada should also rely on multiple sources of information. PG Canada should also need to apply rewards soon after the performance occurs. Ensure that Rewards are Relevant: PG Canada needs to align rewards with performance within employee’s control. The more employees see a link between their performance and reward, the more they are motivated to improve their performances. They may link bonus reward for the executives with the overall performance of the company, whereas sales and marketing front line employees can earn bonus on their sales performance. Situational factors should be kept in mind. Use Team Rewards for Independent Jobs: As per existing policy of PG Canada, they should continue to focus on team rewards, as it encourages cooperation and tends to support employee preferences for team-based work. This becomes more important when employees work in highly interdependent jobs. The only disadvantage is that the most productive employees may prefer rewards based on their individual performance. Ensure that Rewards are Valued: It is obvious that rewards work best when they are valued. PG Canada should be careful of making false assumptions about what employees want. The best way is to ask employees what they value. It may be cash money or some kind of useable household items with company logo thereon. Watch Out for Unintended Consequences: Financial rewards can influence employees in complex ways. PG Canada should be careful for unintended consequences and behaviors of the employees. To receive a handsome bonus, sales staff may results in wrong sales that may damage the company’s repute in the market. They should test incentives in a pilot project before applying them across the company.

Argumentative Essay Topics Interesting and Insightful Issues to Debate

Argumentative Essay Topics Interesting and Insightful Issues to Debate When a student is given an assignment to write an argumentative essay – the first thing he desperately requires is argumentative essay ideas. In order to write a quality argumentative essay, a student has to be imaginative, creative, extraordinary and original. In order to possess all these qualities – the student needs to have fresh ideas on the argumentative essay, and make sure he adds some novelty in this argumentative essay topic, to make it interesting and insightful. Good argument essay ideas can not be found on the internet, as if you are able to find them – than everybody can too. Good argumentation essay ideas need to be created in your mind, and afterwards – made sure that nobody has already thought of these ideas. When sitting down to write an argumentative essay – you are not supposed to start from the thought â€Å"What new and fresh can I implement in this argumentative essay?† – This is the wrong technique to write a good argumentative essay. The products of your imagination need to be created while brainstorming the topic, thinking on it during several days, and forming a great concept of the argumentative essay. Possible ways to think about the argumentative essay – is what new a person can add to the existing topic. Your argumentative essay can be based on proving some disapproved methods and techniques, provide arguments for and against the topic, and be creative in any example you use in the argumentative essay. A good argumentative essay, is where everything is in a certain order and is extremely logical. You need to prove every single sentence of the argumentative essay, and make sure that the evidence is credible and 100% true. If there is any hesitation after the reader has read the argumentative essay than this argumentative essay is considered to be a complete failure. That is exactly why at the end of the argumentative essay – it is best to foresee what opinions will the reader have or might have, and address them properly and accordingly. CustomWritings.com can assist you with your argumentative essay or even write a whole new argumentative essay from scratch. If you require proper assistance for your argumentative essay – be sure to ask CustomWritings.com for help. We will assign a qualified professional writer with great experience, who will help you with any aspect of your argumentative essay, or even write a custom argumentative essay for you.

Atticus Finch Biography

Atticus Finch Biography Atticus Finch is one of the greatest fictional figures in American literature. Both in the book and in the film, Atticus stands larger-than-life, bold-and-courageous against the falsehood and injustice. He risks his life and his career (seemingly without care), as he defends a black man against charges of rape (which were based on lies, fear, and ignorance). Where Atticus Appears (and Inspiration for This Character): Atticus first appears in Harper Lees only novel, ​​To Kill a Mockingbird. He is said to have been based on Lees own father,  Amasa Lee, (which puts a possible autobiographical slant to this famous novel). Amasa held a number of positions (including a bookkeeper and financial manager)he also practiced law in Monroe County, and his writing explored race-relations topics. When he prepared for the role of Atticus Finch in the film version,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Gregory Peck went to Alabama and met Lees father. (He appears to have died in 1962, the same year the Academy-Award-winning film was released). His Relationships During the course of the novel, we discover that his wife died, though we never find out how she died. Her death has left a gaping hole in the family, which has been (at least partially) filled by their housekeeper/cook (Calpurnia, a stern disciplinarian). There is no mention of Atticus in relation to other women in the novel, which seems to suggest that he is focused on doing his job (making a difference, and pursuing justice), while he raises his children, Jem (Jeremy Atticus Finch) and Scout (Jean Louise Finch). His Career   Atticus is a Maycomb lawyer, and he appears to be descended from an old local family. Hes well-known in the community, and he appears to be well respected and liked. However, his decision to defend Tom Robinson against the false charges of rape lands him in a great deal of trouble. The Scottsboro Case, a legal court case involving nine black accused and convicted under extremely dubious evidence, occurred in 1931when Harper Lee was five-years-old. This case is also an inspiration for the novel.

Milestone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Milestone - Essay Example He notes that, â€Å"Western civilization is unable to present any healthy values for the guidance of mankind (Qutb, 1964, Pg. 1)†. It must be noted that the book was written at a time when America as well as the rest of the world was going through numerous changes that were going towards shaping the modern economic systems, the modern governmental systems and the manner in which civilization was to take shape. The 60s was a formative decade indeed since the affects of the Second World War had been shaken off by most of the world and the countries which had gained independence after the Second World War were just beginning to stand on their own feet. However, many such nations in the Middle East, Africa and Asia were struggling with the changes that were being forced upon them. In this context, the war between the western allies who promoted a democratic system and the communist nations of the world often drew in other non aligned nations who had no particular ideology to hold on to. In this scenario, Qutb (1964) presents his ideas of leading Islamic nations through the means of following a new path which is based on the Holy Scriptures of Islam and the examples set down by the followers of Muhammad who were with him in his life. In fact, it was this book itself which was used to prove in an Egyptian court that Qutb was engaged in sedition against the ruling government and was executed for conspiring against the state (Wikipedia. 2008). The primary point made by Qutb (1964) is that the Muslims have lost their way which was shown to them through the Quran and the words of the prophet. In essence, it seems that instead of taking a modern viewpoint on Islam, Qutb favors something which is closer to a fundamentalist approach to Islam in order to bring Muslims closer to how the prophet and his companions lived their lives (Wikipedia. 2008). In his view, the Quran itself is not seen as metaphysical or theological work but as a code of rules which should be

Militarization and Police Brutality Annotated Bibliography

Militarization and Police Brutality - Annotated Bibliography Example Although the piece does focused mainly upon the process of the militarization of police, the tangential understanding that can be gained is the fact that this militarization has caused a psychological shift in the way that at least engage with crime. The veracity and truthfulness of this particular article is almost without question; due to the fact that it was published in a scholarly journal and thoroughly peer-reviewed. Furthermore, the author of the article has also been responsible for authoring several other pieces with relation to militarization of police and the overall impact upon society that these paramilitary forces have. Kimper, J. (2014). WHY MILITARIZED POLICE DEPARTMENTS DONT WORK: CONFRONTING ANGRY CITIZENS IN THE GARB OF JACK-BOOTED THUGS DOES PLENTY OF DAMAGE, ACCOMPLISHES NOTHING.  Newsweek Global,  163(8), 30-38. This particular article examines the correlation between the militarization of police and the overall level of violence that these so-called â€Å"peace officers† are willing to direct the average citizen. The author indicates that even though it might seem as a trivial matter, the actual clothing and tactical weapons that police are now receiving has had a direct correlation to the overall level of violence that they are comfortable with directing at the citizen. The source goes on to indicate the fact is that the militarization of the police is a relatively new occurrence; even though concerns and issues over police brutality is an issue that has been represented for a very long period of time.

Lessons in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Lessons in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen which was first published in 1813. It is more than a story of love which revolves around the lives of the Bennett family and the wealthy male visitors of Hertfordshire. Its wide variety of personalities in the story contributed to the novel’s attractive and compelling features; which provides several realizations to its readers and their view of social class, marriage and women status in the 19th century which can be attributed to each character’s personality. The Women and Men of the 19th Century The theme towards courtship and marriage is already explicitly stated in the first sentence of the novel. â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledge that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (p. 3). In this initial sentence, Austen prepares the readers on what to expect. There is a big probability that the story will revolve in a fascinating chase: either a husband in search of a wife or a woman in pursuit of a husband. Marriage during 18th century was different compared to how marriage is viewed nowadays. It was a challenging and debatable social issue since marriage with love was not a necessity. At that time, marriage consisted of rules and standards that often ignore emotions or feelings. Moreover, community and family were major participants in establishing marriage. From that first sentence, considering the time the novel was created, the readers would expect a witty tone towards marriage and society The novel also portrayed several characters that are stereotypical in the 19th century. The diverse personalities of each character reveals how the era was like for the author and how the status of people were determined through their wealth, fame and gender. Apparently, the primary lesson that this novel has for its readers is the fact that in the past love was not a necessary element of marriage. Women were usually seen as mere wives for men. Nonetheless, in Austen’s story, she made use of Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy’s conflicting characters to refuse the kind of stereotypical 19th century setting that the novel was set in. The two major characters, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, were clearly different kinds of people who later proved themselves to be the ideal match for each other. Clearly, the transformation of Elizabeth and Darcy’s characters were made possible by their own pride and prejudices against each other. This fact, therefore, illustrates the idea that the character transformation would most likely not occur without the shortcomings and hasty judgments of the two main characters of the Jane Austen’s famous novel. It was quite ironic though that the novel also conveys the idea that people do fall in love under the most unexpected circumstances. There is a short line expressed by the female protagonist Elizabeth Bennett which can be considered somewhat explanatory of the whole novel. â€Å"Books—oh!  No. I am sure we never read the same, or not with the same feelings† (p. 82). This is Elizabeth Bennett’s response to Fitzwilliam Darcy when he asked her about her thoughts on books. They were dancing on the ball of the Netherland Estate and trying to create a conversation. Based on Elizabeth’s response and her quick dismissals of the topic that Mr. Darcy brought up, her great dislike towards the wealthy young man was evident. This particular line of Elizabeth Bennett is considered an important line for the novel because it insinuates a symbolic image rather than a literal meaning for the main characters in the story. Her remark about how the topic of books would not be able to create a productive conversation because they probably would have not read the same book or have the same feeling towards it depicts that their personalities—similar or not—can still generate different interpretations. Even the title of the book itself can be considered characteristics that Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy both possess, which caused them to make erratic conclusions about each others’ personality. The above statement from Elizabeth depicts that the novel primarily focuses on the theme of misunderstandings, false impressions, and lapses in judgment. Thoroughly reviewing the whole context of the story, the diverse personalities of the characters are what made it possible to provide the picture of the lifestyle of English people in the 19th century. Each character is provided a characteristic that is distinct to other characters. Elizabeth Bennett, an interesting character indeed, possesses traits which are very much different from her sisters. Here is one of her statements to Darcy included in Chapter 19 where she rejects him the first time he proposed to marry her and considered to be one of the pivotal turns in the story which caused the change in both Elizabeth and Darcy’s character: I have no pretension whatever to that kind of elegance which consists in tormenting a respectable man. . . I thank you again and again for the honor you have done me in your proposals, but to accept them is absolutely impossible. . . Do not consider me now as an elegant female, intending to plague you, but as a rational creature, speaking the truth from her heart (p. 97). Elizabeth Bennett’s character speaks much of a strong personality which is extremely opinionated and bold. Unlike her younger sisters, she does not allow social status and wealth to interfere with her standards for love. However, in her statement, prejudices toward Darcy are evident for she has already judged him without knowing him well first. However, at the end of the story, she regrets having misjudged the man upon knowing the real Fitzwilliam Darcy. This theme of wrong first impression is very common in the personality of Elizabeth Bennet as she always seem to misjudge a man’s intent such as that of Darcy and Mr. Wickham. On the other hand, Darcy’s character also reveals how wrong he was on his first impression towards Elizabeth. His statement where she declared Elizabeth as tolerable but not beautiful enough to interest him because of her poor social status discloses how proud he was to avoid being acquainted with such a woman (p. 9). Similarly, he took back his word when he found out how interesting and intelligent Elizabeth was which led him to confess his feelings and offer a marriage proposal. Unfortunately, his first proposal was rejected. Upon the end of the novel, it is reasonable to conclude that Elizabeth Bennett and Fitzwilliam Darcy actually have similar characteristics which can be considered ironic. Both are intelligent, witty, opinionated, and proud. There are also instances when they have exposed acts of prejudices towards some characters in the story, primarily themselves. Elizabeth deemed Darcy to be an extremely arrogant and proud man when she accidentally heard him say that he was not interested in her due to her poor status in the society. She thought him to be a spoiled wealthy man who is unsociable and selfish. In return, Darcy also showed his prejudices towards her by thinking that she was not right for him because she belonged to the lower class part of the society. Hence, the situation indicates how their impulsive and superficial judgments of each other led them to take back their words and eradicate their pride and prejudices towards each other. They gradually transformed into humble beings who were capable of admitting and accepting their shortcomings. Thus, two people, even with similar characteristics may not have similar outputs and can still be regarded contradictory in terms of beliefs. Like the characters in the story, all have distinct personalities which enabled them to decide the way they did. If Elizabeth did not hastily judged Darcy in the first place which led her into rejecting his first marriage proposal, Darcy would not have humbled himself into further pursuing Elizabeth despite her initial rejection. He would not have rescued her family from social disgrace and reveal his true nature. Simply put, Elizabeth would not have change her opinion about Darcy and most probably reject him still. She would not have fallen in love with him and change her ways of being filled with prejudices. The following scenarios created a huge impact in the maturity and development of the characters in the story which proves that the transformation is indeed dependent on the characters’ actions and decisions. Upon understanding the difference between the main characters’ personalities, it is important to note that the focus of Darcy is to win Elizabeth’ heart to marry her. It is all about marriage from the start of the novel until the end. Austen made it really clear for women in the 19th century how big an issue it was to find someone rich and reputable to marry. Elizabeth’s mother had seemed to push them into marrying by taking them to social balls where rich men were most likely to come and select a wife. Conclusion Clearly, the arguments stated above identify the concept that Elizabeth and Darcy’s character transformation would not have been possible without their mistakes and initial false impressions of each other. This validates the fact that their development as individuals is highly rooted from their decisions and hasty judgments—or rather their own pride and prejudices. In addition, Austen’s ability to inculcate the stereotypes on the characters produced an image of the status of marriage and courtship in the 19th century. It becomes clear to the readers that there was too much consciousness and pressure on the physical attributes and reputations of women than in men. Men were more highly regarded than women as women only seem to serve as partners to men in marriage. The fact that there were balls where men can choose the women they want to marry is already an indication of the restraints that society puts on women. They are merely intended for domestic purposes only.

Imagery In Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Role of Imagery in Macbeth If a picture tells a thousand words, than imagine the importance of an image upon a play such as Macbeth. In any literary work, it is extremely important that the author can effectively manipulate a reader's feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, that feat is accomplished magnificently by Shakespeare. Through his skillful use of imagery, Shakespeare shows us a deeper look into the true character of Macbeth. Though imagery is widespread throughout Macbeth, it is most dominant in clothing imagery, light and darkness imagery, and blood imagery. Through these images, Shakespeare shows the development of Macbeth's character. Using clothing imagery, Shakespeare develops Macbeth's character. This is evident, as, imagery of clothing shows us Macbeth's ambition and the consequences thereof. We see this ambition, through Banquo, when he says, "New honours come upon him, / Like our strange garments, cleave not to their / mould but with the aid of use." (Shakespeare, Macbeth I, III, 144-146), meaning that new clothes do not fit our bodies, until we are accustomed to them. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth is constantly wearing new clothes (titles), that are not his, and do not fit. Hence, his ambition. This ambition, as we see, is what leads to his demise. When Macbeth first hears the prophecy that he will be King, he does not see how it can be so, "to be king / Stands not within the prospect of belief" (I, III, 73-74). However, Macbeth's ambitious nature becomes visible when he considers murdering King Duncan to claim the throne, "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well / I t were done quickly" (I, VII, 1-2). His ambition is encouraged by Lady Macbeth, of whom attempts to convince him to commit this crime, and lay claim to the throne. He is reluctant however, as Macbeth states, "I have bought / Golden opinions from all sorts of people, / Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, / Not cast aside so soon" (I, VII, 32-35). Macbeth compares being recently named the Thane of Cawdor to a new set of clothes. He believes that he his not ready to be king, and thus not ready for a new set of clothes. He states that the clothes that they have should be worn for a little while longer. However, Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth otherwise, and he proceeds, and murders King Duncan.

Discussion Questions Essay

DQ #1: Select a small business that you may want to start. What is strategic management and planning? Why would a strategic plan be important to the success of this business? How are the four functions of management relative to creating and implementing a strategic plan? I want to start an e-commerce sales business. The strategic management and planning guidelines for this kind of business include the following: Planning – As an owner, I will analyze the direction the organization will go and create core objectives for the business. The objectives will help the company stay on track and assist in any unexpected developments that may arise down the road and short-term and long-term goals are designed. Organizing – We will analyze our resources and determine the volume of products to purchase and the individual cost to generate profits. We will also review how many employees will be needed. Directing – Our managers will be tasked with the responsibility of encouraging positive behavior from employees to create production that leads to higher profitable margins. Managers will implement a reward system for consistent high producers. Controlling – The entire team will survey the operation and gauge areas that may require improvements or adjustments to maximize sales volumes. The team will also use the same goals and objectives that were previously established to review any issues or concerns and confirm that any negative feedback that may have been received is addressed. A strategic plan would be very necessary and important for this business to solidify a position in the e-commerce industry where customers can shop for quality products and the company will earn profits, while instilling great customer service. The four functions of management are relative to creating and implementing a strategic plan so all areas are balanced and functioning in conjunction with the expectations of the business. DQ #2: What is the difference between mission and vision statements? What factors must be considered to produce an appropriate mission and vision statement for an organization? Vision and mission statements various phrases that a company uses to describe or state their values, direction, integrity position, beliefs and style. The difference between the vision and mission statement is that the mission statement defines the purpose, goals and objectives of a business. The mission statement also explains the impact the business will have on the community. The vision statement speaks more to the values of the organization, explains the purpose of the achievements, and outlines how things should be done as the goals and objectives are being followed. In order to produce an appropriate mission and vision statement the business should focus on elements that build trust among potential consumers that will help them to understand the primary facets from which the business plans to operate. Some key variables are the quality of products and services that will be delivered, the contribution to the community, and the ethical position that will be the foundation of good business behaviors

Great expectations Essay

Dickens engages his audience by creating vivid images of people and places. Comment on this with close references to two parts in ‘Great Expectations. ‘ The two sections I will be referring to are chapter 1 and chapter 8. In these chapters Dickens describes two different settings; the church yard and Satis house. He also introduces us to Philip Pirrip known as Pip. Pip’s ambition is to become a blacksmith. Magwich is an escaped convict. Estella is Mrs Havisham’s ward. Mrs Havisham is a rich but heartbroken woman who despises men due to her own marriage breakdown. In the opening chapter, Dickens describes the marshland and the graveyard. The impression I get of the setting is unwelcoming and desolate. He describes the marshland as a damp swamp with unfriendly plants such as stingy nettles. He also describes graveyard as a dark gloomy surrounding with little warmth and hospitality ‘a man soaked in water, covered in mud†¦.. as he seized me by the chin. ‘ Charles Dickens describes the atmosphere as a raw afternoon with the help of the weather. He achieves this with the help of creative weather descriptions throughout the fist chapter ‘†¦ which the wind was rushing†¦.. and that small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all†¦. ‘ Although the scene is serious, Dickens still manages to bring humour into it. For example: when pip was tilted upside and robbed off a stale piece bread. ‘The man, after looking me for a moment, turned me upside down and emptied my pockets. ‘ I think dickens added humour to dilute the tension and to give us a laugh. He also introduces us to pip and Magwitch, the convict. Pip feels intimidated by the convict, due to the way the convict enrols power over pip as he tilts him down on top of the grave. ‘†¦ so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked most helplessly up into his. ‘ We feel pathos for pip as Magwitch verbally threatens pip with no regrets. Magwitch is describe as a fearful man, a man with no hat, soaked in water and smothered in mud. The impression we get from the description of Magwitch is that he wasn’t gentlemen due to no hat. We feel empathy for the convict as we get a strong description of what he has been through. ‘A man soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ seized me by the chin. ‘ In chapter 8 Pip, again, feels uneasy when he visits Satis house. It is described as a dark, uninviting resident with old bricks, iron barred windows and a courtyard that is also barred. The atmosphere portrayed to us is that Satis house is an unappealing place to visit. Dickens creates this atmosphere detailed information and through the characters thoughts and feelings. Pip meets Estella and Miss Havisham at Satis house. He is surprised by Miss Havisham’s appearance. She is dressed in an outfit that can only be worn only on one particular day and that was her wedding dress. We learn as we read on, she is dressed in her wedding gown as she believes her husband, who fled on the wedding day, would come back and wed. We assume that pip is having second doubts of the arrangements and is cautious of behaviour. The impression we get of Miss Havisham is she is an aged but rich woman who despises men due to her marriage failure. Nevertheless she puts her misfortunes a side and treats pip kindly. Estella, by contrast, is a young, vibrant girl but has a bad attitude. She treats pip as an inferior with no respect at all. One major example was when she referred to him as ‘boy’. †¦ ‘but do not loiter, boy. ‘ Pip reacted in polite way no matter what she said. We see Estella as a rude and spiteful child. Dickens is successful in creating different settings by giving the readers detailed description of the setting and through the characters thoughts and feelings. Dickens has drawn on his own experiences and this is why he is successful.

LSD and Crack-Cocaine essays

LSD and Crack-Cocaine essays LSD and Crack-Cocaine Today, the problem of drugs has become one of the most serious ones facing the world and its youth. Drugs in general, can be classified into 5 different kinds: cannabis or hemp (name of a plant) such as marijuana and hashish, opiates such as morphine, heroine and opium, stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, depressants also known as sedatives such as alcohol and barbiturates, and finally hallucinogens such as LSD, PCP and MDMA(ecstasy). When talking about drugs with the majority of people, especially grown-ups, we always hear: Stay away from drugs, Drugs are bad, or even Say no to drugs. What these people dont know is the difference between each drug, the difference in tolerance which means the need to increase the dose to obtain the effects that were previously obtained with a lower dose between each drug and the difference between the withdrawal syndromes of each drug. For them drugs are drugs. My research will focus on two specific types of drugs: Crack, one of the most recently-discovered derivative of powder-cocaine and LSD, the most widely used and the best known hallucinogenic drug. The reasons why I choose theses two specific drugs is because I had heard about crack as being the drug of the 90s and as being more harmful than heroin. Then I chose LSD because many of my friends have tried it and I think that I would also try it if I have the chance. In brief, whether crack or LSD, Ill try to learn the maximum amount of information to add to my general knowledge. Crack is by no means the only culprit in Los Angeles costly plague of crime, addiction and child abuse, stated an article in the Los Angeles Times. The article also showed that from psychiatrist Michael Durfees point of view, crack has become the number one illicit drug having bad effects on pregnancy. ...

Message Passing Interface - not a title just area Essay

Message Passing Interface - not a title just area - Essay Example The MPI specification results from an MPI-Forum that entails several standards upon a movable system. Additionally, the standard is not specific on the explicit joint-memory processes, explicit support, and debugging facilities. The argument is that procedures proposed and established to increase the standard of implementation of the MPI in highly performing clusters like the Gigabit Ethernet and InfiniBand are useful in programming of parallel appliances; most clusters’ demonstration critically depend on the communication presentation of the routines provided by the library of the MPI. Historical Context and Development The message passing interface work started in 1991when a group of researchers began deliberations at a certain retreat in Austria. In another workshop, there were discussions on the Standards for Message Passing within an environment of Distributed Memory Environment in Virginia in 1992. During the workshop, there was a debate on the primary traits vital to a typical message-passing interface and a functional group created to commence the process of standardization (Gropp, Ewing & Anthony 1999, P. 27). Drafting of an introductory draft preceded this process in the same year, as a proposal to the project by three researchers. This was the MPI1. Thereafter, an assembly of the MPI team was conducted in Minneapolis. The working group of the MPI met frequently in 1993, and it comprised of people commonly from America and Europe. The standard of the MPI describes the semantics and syntax of a principal of library practices beneficial to many users drafting programs on portable message passing in C and Fortran (Gropp, Ewing & Anthony 2007, P. 790). In an effort to establish a real platform for message passing, the researchers integrated the most expedient traits of a number of systems into MPI as opposed to choosing one system to assume as a standard. Attributes were utilized from p4, Express, IBM, Intel, and PVM among other systems. Currently, the message-passing standard is striking due to its wide portability. It can thus be used in conveying messages for shared memory and distributed memory networks, multiprocessors, and a mixture of these rudiments (Foster & Nicholas 1988, P. 4). Application of the paradigm exists in several settings, regardless of memory planning or network speed. Critical Analysis of Current Trend The output of the plan for implementing an MPI presents crucial issues for computing systems of high performance. This especially applies for more progressive processor technological systems. Consequently, benchmarking the implementation of MPI on multi-core designs can be measured by ascertaining the Open MPI combined communication performance on the Gigabit Ethernet, as well as the infiniBand group, using SKaMPI (Ismail, et al 2013, P. 455). In the past years, clusters have developed into key architecture engaged for computing systems of high performance. The emergent style of the use of clusters as Hig h Performance Computing has led to numerous research in the discipline, especially in the standard method used for communicating between nodes (Gropp, Ewing & Anthony 1999, P. 29). Another significant factor which can impact the performance of communication of clusters is the clusters interconnect. Slower interconnects are capable of slowing down processes. The preferable cluster interconnect has to offer non-blocking inter-connect architecture and low dormancy great

Marketing Strategies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Marketing Strategies - Coursework Example Internet selling through websites and portals has broken all limits and definition of a domiciled corporation. Now corporations are not only selling to foreign nationals over the internet but are also actually relocating their production facilities in search of overseas markets. Since 1990s the concept of globalization has brought in revolution in the manner we trade internationally. Retailing is the nearest link to the consumer and has a direct role in accessing various products and services to the final consumer. If the menu of products and services offered to the customer is wide enough to be exhaustive and is offered at competitive prices in convenience settings then the retailer has achieved a major part of his marketing strategy objective. However marketing strategy is not just limited to reaching the consumers their preferred goods and services at a competitive rate; the obverse side of the marketing strategy coin has a distinct profit objective translated in the form of product specific margins at marketing strategy level and which goes on to merge in the overall accounting profit for the retailer once entire operations are counted in. All other objectives are subservient to this objective. In pursuance of this objective a retailer has to reckon in the entire line of distribution that precedes the arrival of products in his store and manage logistics so as to ensure ready availability of all products and services. As some researchers on retailing opine "While coping with the short-term uncertainties, retailers should set their sights on long term prospects to prepare themselves for the opportunities and challenges aheadThe three attributes that mainly rule the retail market are consumer, technology and innovation. It is the prime responsibility of retailers to understand, anticipate and cater to the needs of the consumersThe supply from the retailer should always be according to the demand and expectations of the consumers. Like in Japan, retailers have reacted to rapidly ageing population by offering more products that target middle-aged consumers. Departmental stores, which used to cater exclusively to youths and adults, now carry more products such as body odor-suppressing dress shirts for middle-aged men and conservation fashions for middle-aged women"(Verma,2003) As has been pointed out above globalization has touched most asp ects of business and trade and retailing is no exception. "With the globalization of markets and the growth of competition on a global scale, companies are increasingly expanding the geographic scope of their operations, setting up or acquiring companies in other countries, or entering into alliances across national boundaries. At the same time, with the spread of global and regional media, the development of international retailing, and the movement of people, goods, and organizations across national borders, markets are becoming more integrated. As a result, firms need to pay greater attention to coordinating and integrating their marketing strategy across markets". (Douglas & Craig, 1999). The link between international retailing and globalization has been brought about in clarity by the following statement:" Much

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit Assignment

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit - Assignment Example Below is a recommendation on the unit’s scheduling model. A flexible scheduling model is recommended for the unit because of its suitability for the unit’s environmental factors and because of its advantages relative to cyclical scheduling that the unit applies currently. One of the characteristics of flexible scheduling is its ability to adjust to changing environmental factors that are expected of the unit. Possible change from agency hiring identifies potential delay in filling vacancies and therefore temporary staff shortage. In addition, change implementation such as the introduction of a new electronic nursing documentation system and associated need for training induces temporary burden on personnel. The same effect is expected from the expected leave of an employee and a flexible scheduling approach would ensure ability to meet extra needs at minimum cost and efficiently. Being used to a flexible system, employees will likely accept changes for accommodating extra needs that if a cyclical system, which fixed, was in place. A ssociated resistance with cyclical system that would require temporary hiring of personnel or hiring of additional personnel o cover temporary shortages solves the cost problem. I addition to the cost and effectiveness advantages, flexible scheduling ensures personnel innovation, motivation, satisfaction, and unity and ensures that personnel work within their capacities. These also ensure sufficient coverage, quality, and stability. The scheduling approach requires coordination among personnel, who share patient, for quality output. Cyclical scheduling is not suitable for the unit’s dynamic environment, even though it has such benefits as â€Å"even coverage, high stability, and lower cost† (Ozcan, 2009, n,.p.). Interchanging shift patterns is also recommended because of the flexibility advantages. Implementing the change from

Women's Baseball in the 20th Centry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Baseball in the 20th Centry - Essay Example However, the name All-American Girls Professional Ball League (AAGPBL) eventually stuck due to its popularity. The league was later purchased in 1950, and a Player's Association introduced in 1986, which was soon followed by recognition through induction of the girls in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. One of the major issues facing the new league was its hybrid status between softball and baseball, so rules of both games had to be incorporated and modified, including ball size, pitching techniques, number of players, but mostly in order to level the gender differences for the sake of interest. The new rules were drafted by Jack Sheehan of the Chicago Cubs, Vern Hernlund, supervisor of recreation for the Chicago Parks Department, and Ken Sells. Then they scouted the U.S and Canada for talented female softball players, and the response was phenomenal, as literally hundreds of women wanted to join the League. The field was narrowed to 60 women who formed the first professional baseball League. Each team included a female chaperone, plus a famous male sports figure as their manager. It was

Beliefs of filipino women: Traditional feminine gender

Beliefs of filipino women: Traditional feminine gender A 2 (US women vs. Filipino women) X 2 (daughters vs. mothers) ANOVA matched group design with the OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (2010) scores as the dependent variable was conducted to study irrational beliefs about traditional feminine gender schema from a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) perspective (Ellis, 1956) in a sample of Filipino women living in the US. Results indicated significant main effect for cross-cultural differences among the two racial groups, but no significant main effect was found for generational differences among the groups. A Post-hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) performed on the four subscale scores of the OWBS also showed significant differences in Demand with Filipino women scoring higher than their US counterparts, and scores of both groups in Awfulizing, Negative Self-talk/Rating, and Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) were not significantly different. Keywords: Filipino women, irrational beliefs, gender schema, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, OKelly Women Beliefs Scale Irrational Beliefs about Traditional Feminine Gender Schema of Filipino Women Living in the United States This study evaluates the cross-cultural and intergenerational differences among Filipino women and US women living in the United States in regard to their beliefs about the traditional feminine sex role using the OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (2010). Several factors of acculturation greatly affect the international migration, economic globalization, and political conflicts that arise in the creation of multicultural societies (Enrile Agbayani, 2007), that studies regarding this matter are essential in understanding it in a deeper sense. There is a great quantity of literature regarding feminine topics written within the conceptual scheme of the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT (Wolfe, 1985; Wolfe Naimark, 1991). The founding practitioner of REBT, Albert Ellis, developed this form of psychotherapy to assist his clients in the reconstruction of how they perceive their distress by asserting the importance of taking it on with a more philosophical outlook. When Ellis changed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) to its present name of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), he acknowledged the possible odds in using the term rational as ideas concerning it may vary across cultures (Ellis, 1999). Ellis always emphasized the importance of taking his clients cultural background into consideration when analyzing their viewpoint and attitude towards life. It has been considered that the development of the Womens Belief Scale coincide with the criteria described by Locksley and Colten (1979), who highlight that the use o f a term within a questionnaire involves self-evaluations and supposes comparisons of itself that were not present like in Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) in the developmental process of the items; this allows a significant effect of measurements on the representation of the feminine gender that provides a distinct point of view of what behaviors are appropriate for females. The view of womans proper place being in the home fulfilling their domesticity, motherhood and pleasing their husbands, isolated from the public world of men did not always dominate the Western culture (OKelly, 1980). It was not until the rise of capitalism when independent businessmen could afford to support their dependent wives and children kept within the confines of a private home, that this view of womens roles started to greatly influence the modern Western culture (OKelly, 1980). By the eighteenth century, these roles sporadically spread to the less affluent classes and eventually became the Western ideal for women (OKelly, 1980). In the recent years, with the help of the feminist movement, dramatic changes in the Western social roles expected from women are continuously taking place. Feminists insist that those customary views of womens roles immensely limit and restrain them from taking their places as full adults in the society (OKelly, 1980). However, less developed countries continue to have strict views on the roles of the women in their society and they intend to maintain their cultural beliefs regarding this matter. There are hardly any studies done to examine the influence and effects of these societal roles placed on women from less developed countries, like the Philippines, in their response to acculturation and attitude towards life. The OKelly Womens Belief Scale was developed within the scheme of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT, reflecting the process of beliefs about Demand, Awfulizing, Global Rating, Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Negative Self Rating. To develop this scale, 2,562 questionnaires were sent to women that worked in great companies. With the data obtained of 974 questionnaires, the OKelly subscales were developed: Demand, Awful, Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT) and Rating, which are irrational nuclear conclusions or beliefs previously mentioned. Each of these scales has internal consistency. The test-retest reliability and validity have been established by the results of a sample that consisted of 285 women, wherein 37 also completed The OKelly Womens Belief Scale a month later. In the measurement of the irrational thought from an REBT perspective, previous studies (Lega Ellis, 2001; Kumar, Lega, Bladiwalla, 2007) indicate cross cultural and generational differences in the samples of USA, Latin America, Europe and India. Filipino Americans are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States as they are the second largest Asian American ethnic group, and the second largest number of immigrants to the United States (Ong Loksze, 2003). Recent studies suggest that acculturation, changes in attitude or values that result from the contact of one culture with another (Berry, 1997), may have something to do with attitudes towards women (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). According to Berry (1997), there are four acculturation strategies: separation, marginalization, integration, and assimilation. Separation refers to favoring ones original culture and refraining from interacting with the host culture, whereas marginalization is when one does not actively maintain either his own original culture or the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007). On the other hand, integration refers to favoring ones own culture while at the same time interacting with the host culture, and assimilation is when one abandons his o riginal culture in favor of the host culture (Choi Thomas, 2007). The international relationship between United States and the Philippines has a rich and unique history that has made the Filipinos very well familiar to the American culture that even allowed them to easily adopt the English language, educational institutions, democratic belief system, and faith in the American Dream (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Most Filipino immigrants arrive in the United States with a vast knowledge about the local culture and the English language (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Filipino women living in the US, mostly as immigrants, try to adapt to their host countrys cultural values while striving to preserve their own at the same time. Like other individuals from impoverished nations, especially those who have spent most of their lives in their native countries, Filipinos are also well aware of how difficult it can be to live in a country of limited opportunities like the Philippines. However, like other immigrant groups, they also praise the United States as a land of s ignificant economic opportunity but simultaneously denounce it as a country inhabited by corrupt and individualistic people of questionable morals (Espiritu, 2001). Parents of first generation Filipino children enforce high expectations especially on their daughters. Espiritus interviews suggest that there is an idealized notion of womanhood based on traditional Filipino values and beliefs (Espiritu, 2001). This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family (collective vs. individual values), to gain good education (in order to help better the family), remain chaste, dutiful, and obedient (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994). Older children, girls in particular, are expected to care for their younger siblings and perform household duties even at an early age (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Past studies suggest that while the older female is given more responsibilities, privileges are made easily accessible usually to males in the family. Most Filipino women, who participated in past studies, also reported that their parents treated them more strictly while growing up as compared to their brothers (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). As they grow older, Filipino women are expected to display characteristics of a Maria Clara, or the proper, marriage-minded, Filipino Catholic woman with good morals (West, 1992). This stereotyped representation of an ideal Filipino woman continues to exist in the present time. Filipino women were taught and encouraged to be publicly submissive so that it will appear that men are the ones in control (Cimmarusti, 1996). Almirol (1982), a researcher who performed a qualitative study on Filipino American farm laborers from Salinas, California, found that a higher value was placed on males over females and that women were discouraged to display power in public. Scholars have shown that the Maria Clara stereotype is not only used by certain Filipino feminist nationalist, but also by first generation Filipino immigrants (Ignacio, 2000). Prior researchers show that despite the high cultural expectations enforced on Filipino children by their parents, they appear to have easily assimilated into the American society as the Filipino population in the US has a high rate of college graduates, and most of these graduates are immigrants from the Philippines (Enrile Agbayani, 2007). Different perspectives suggest the existence of change and differences in attitudes and interests from one generation to the other, as well as in the cross-cultural factor. This study was conducted in the USA wherein Filipino daughters and mothers, and their counterparts used The OKelly Women Beliefs Scale examine the differences in gender roles and the ethno-cultural scheme. Method Participants Two matched groups according to age of daughters (from 17-25 yrs. of age) vs. their mothers (45 75 yrs. of age) and culture of origin (70 Filipino vs. 70 USA) living in the USA participated in the study. Instrument The OKelly Women Beliefs Scale (OKelly, 2010) was used. The scale consists of 92 items in which the participant indicated the degree of agreement or disagreement using a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This is divided into four subscales: Demand, Awfulizing, Low Frustration Tolerance and Negative Self Rating. Procedure The participants completed the questionnaires individually and anonymously. It took approximately 45 minutes to complete. Participants were also advised to refrain from answering the questionnaire with their mother/daughter. Results A 2-way ANOVA (culture and generation) with total OWBS scores as the dependent variable showed a significant main effect for Culture, F(1, 140) = 37.681, p .05) Posthoc (LSD) comparisons between Filipino and US women for all four subscale scores of the OWBS showed significant differences, with Filipino women scoring higher than US women in Demand: F(1, 140) = 5.265, p .05). No significant results were found for Generation, or for the interaction between Culture x Generation (p>.05) Discussion As one of the fastest growing groups of Asian immigrants, Filipino immigrants are purposely trying to become part and to develop a positive attitude towards acculturating to the host culture, at least to some extent. However, it is understandable that the process of acculturation have a distinct influence in the immigrants viewpoint and attitude towards life. The results suggest that the overall total scores of US-Filipino compared to US women were higher than the latter. Recent studies might suggest that acculturation may play a part in Filipino womens irrational beliefs about themselves. A past study on acculturation by Phinney and Flores (2002), affirms that the two dimensions of the phenomenon (mainstream adaptation and ethnic retention) can be independent and have different influences to its outcomes. The results of their study showed that the bicultural (integrated) individual is more likely to be involved in mainstream American society as well as to manifest sex role attitudes closely similar to that of the mainstream, and yet manage to retain their own racial social networks and native language. Later generations of immigrants are also expected to be more prone to changes associated with both dimensions of acculturation; that is, they typically retain less of their ethnic culture and tend to be more accepting of the host culture t han earlier generations (Phinney Flores, 2002). On the other hand, the present study showed no significant effect for generational differences (mother vs. daughter) in either culture (US-Filipino or US women). It was expected that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women. Filipino women are expected to manifest certain characteristics such as capability of building a family, running the household and responsibility for taking care of others need before her own to name a few. Some researchers propose that immigrants do not simply yield their old or native values for new ones, but rather select, and modify to adapt to the new environment (Choi Thomas, 2007; Buriel, 1993; Mendoza, 1989). Although most Filipino immigrants eventually become accustomed to their new environment, they also retain their traditional cultural traits, beliefs, values, and mores which may result to a conflict in their b elief system and a higher level of irrational belief. However, when it comes to Generation, the non-significant differences between Filipino daughters and mothers may be found in that the cultural expectation of both generations (Filipino mothers vs. Filipino daughters) has rooted its ideals from our past generations belief as a collective community as opposed to individualistic values. It is an integral characteristic of the ideal Filipino family to have children who highly adhere to the familys values and principles and to behave according to these passed on standards. Daughters are taught to greatly exhibit the same positive qualities that their mothers exhibit and this practice have a substantial influence on the non-significant differences in the point of view of both generations. In terms of posthoc comparisons, where individual sub scale scores were obtained for Demand, Awfulizing, Negative Self Talk and LFT, a significant effect was only found on Demand of Filipino women vs. US women. This suggests that Filipino women experience higher emotional stress than their US counterparts. First generation immigrants, as they are called, sometimes experience acculturation and cultural pressure to adapt. Cultural adaptation to the host country may suggest conflict with the traditional culture of the heritage country while parents try to raise their children on both cultures. Prior researches show that Filipino immigrants tend to lose their traditional customs and values as they acculturate to ways of life in the United States (Del Prado Church, 2010). Being torn between adhering to their conservative cultural values and the ability to access the opportunities of their contemporary American culture can create stress and conflict (Napholz Mo, 2010). The Socio-cultural differences that include the Asian collective culture versus the American individual culture, extended versus dominant nuclear family lifestyle, isolative American lifestyle, womens roles, communication styles, and child-rearing practices have a vast impact on the Filipino immigrant womens self-esteem and sense of control over their lives (Napholz Mo, 2010). As Filipino women become more acculturated to their host countrys cultural values, factors such as their origins, psychosocial and economic stress, as well as their compliance to traditional cultural values may have an influence in the nature and quality of their present lives (McBride, Morioka-Douglas, Yeo, 1996). High scores on each subscale according to the OKelly Women Belief Scales or OWBS (OKelly, 2010) suggest that Filipino women have higher irrational beliefs on the traditional feminine gender role as their culture may have manifested on them over the years. The Demand subscale (element at which people reveal their musts and shoulds) suggests that Filipino women need to reach certain expectations according to their culture. A high score in this subscale suggests that Filipino women, compared to US women strive more to reach expectations set forth by their society as a result from a collectivist point of view. Almost every society has prescribed roles that women and men are expected to satisfy, however the strictness of these standards vary across cultural societies. In the Filipino culture, individuals that belong to the society are expected to respect and conform to the rules of the society as exactly as possible. Deviating from the accepted norms and social roles brings forth unforgiving criticisms not just from the society at large, but by ones own immediate family as well. A traditional Filipino family is not usually inclined to being tolerant to issues and practices foreign to them, as they believe that everyone should behave accord ing to what is widely accepted. Thus, the process of acculturating to a new culture that has some aspects that conflict with the Filipino culture can be very perplexing and stressful to Filipino women striving to develop positive attitudes toward the process. An example question from this subscale was I must have a child to be fulfilled; Filipinos are expected to be capable of building a family and both generations (mother vs. daughter) must reach this expectation as their society and past generations expects them to. This idealized notion of womanhood is for a woman to think of her family (collective vs. individual) (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994) as mentioned came from most of the Oriental cultures belief of collectivism vs. individualism. In short, the expectation that Filipino women would score higher than their US counterparts because of societal expectations and traditional gender schema on women was confirmed.

The Yellow Wallpaper and The Cask Of Amontillado -- Yellow Wallpaper C

The Yellow Wallpaper and The Cask Of Amontillado  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The short story, " The Yellow Wallpaper", written by Charlotte Gilman, and "The Cask of Amontillado" written by Edgar Allan Poe, are stories in which the plots are very different, but share similar qualities with the elements in the story. "The Cask of Amontillado" is a powerful tale of revenge, in which the narrator of the tale pledges revenge upon Fortunato for an insult. "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a story about a woman, her psychological difficulties and her husband's therapeutic treatment of her illness. She struggles over her illness, and battle's her controlling husband. The settings in both stories are very important, they influence the characters, and help with the development of the plot.   In "The Yellow Wallpaper" the setting helps define the action as well as to explain characters behaviors. The setting is which the story takes place is in the narrators room, where she is severally ill, and she is "locked up" in the room which served as her cage. The room in which the narrator is caged in is a nursery, "it is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways. The paint and paper look as if a boys' school had used it." The narrator describes the color of the walls as repellent, almost revolting, it is an unclear yellow with a dull orange. The condition that the narrator is in, the repulsiveness of the room, and the room haunting her, drives her into insanity.   "The Cask of Amontillado" takes place in an appropriate setting, not only is the setting underground, but also in the blackness of the night. The story begins around dusk, one evening during the carnival season in a European city. The location quickly change... ...he wall, he thinks about his rejected opportunities and his unbearable regret. As he sobers with terror, the final blow will come from the realization that his life is ending in his catacombs dying with his finest wine. The catacombs, in which he dies, set the theme, and relate well with the story. Without the yellow wallpaper in the short story, the significance of the wallpaper would not mater, nor would it set the theme or plot. At night the wallpaper becomes bars, and the wallpaper lets her see herself as a women and her desire to free herself. She needs to free herself from the difficulties of her husband, and from her sickness. The settings in both, set up the elements of the stories and ads to the effect in both of the short stories.   Bibliography Branson, Leigh W. Edgar Allen Poe's Literary Neighborhood, 17 Mar. 1997 *htt://www.geocities.com/Athens

The Fencing Problem

A farmer has exactly 1000 metres of fencing; with it she wishes to fence off a plot of land. She is not concerned about the shape of the plot, but it must have a perimeter of 1000m. So it could be or anything else with a perimeter (or circumference) of 1000m What she does wish to do is fence off the plot of land which contains the maximum area. Investigate the shape, or shapes of the plot of land which have a maximum area. Throughout this investigation I will check that the perimeter is 1000 meters by finding the total of all the outer sides. Also I will use refining as a way of finding the maximum area. When I talk about using the maximum area of the previous table the maximum area of each table will be highlighted. Rectangles The first shape I will test will be a rectangle. Having been told that the perimeter must be 1000 meters I will find the areas of three rectangles, each with different lengths of sides, making sure that the perimeter is kept the same. To calculate the area I will use the formula LENGTH x WIDTH = AREA or Area = lw. Rectangle A: l = 450m w = 10m Area = 450 x 10 Area = 4500m2 Rectangle B: l = 300m w = 200m Area = 300 x 200 Area = 60000m2 Rectangle C: l = 100m w = 400m Area = 100 x 400 Area = 40000m2 Having carried out the above calculations I will create a spreadsheet with formulae to carry out more calculations. The headings will consist of Length, Width, Perimeter and Area. Under length there will be a variable number (less than 500 and greater than 0). The first formula will be put under the width heading. The width will be calculated by taking the length away from 500. This will guarantee the perimeter to be 1000m. The formula will be =500-B2 where B2 is the cell in which the length is. To double check that the perimeter is 1000m under the perimeter heading there will be another formula. This will be =(B2+C2)*2 where B2 is the length and C2 is the perimeter. It will be multiplied by 2 because the answer in the brackets would be just the total of two sides and not all four. Finally under the area heading there will be a formula. This will be =B2*C2 where B2 is the length and C2 is the width. This formula is the same as the one used previously to calculate the area of a rectangle. The formulas and headings will be entered in as shown in the table below. Length (m) Width (m) Perimeter (m) Area (square m) 490 =500-B2 =(B2+C2)*2 =B2*C2 Having entered the correct information I will be able to calculate the areas of many different sizes of rectangles with a perimeter of 1000m. I can do this in Microsoft Excel by dragging the formula boxes down, thus duplicating them but allowing them to refer to different lengths. (Please see tables and graphs [Fencing Problem for Rectangles]) To start with I used my spreadsheet to find the area of a few rectangles within the range of 1m and 499m.I then plotted a graph showing length against area. It showed a perfect curve. I decided that the line of symmetry of this curve would help to find the length that would give me the maximum area. I found the line of symmetry to be along the 250m mark on the x axis of the graph. Hypothesis I predict that the length of a rectangle that will give me the maximum area will be 250m. I have decided this having found the line of symmetry on the graph. Poof (Please see tables and graphs [Fencing Problem for Rectangles]) To prove my hypothesis I refined my search around the maximum area of the first table and then the second table, followed by the third table and so on. Eventually I found that, even to 1 decimal place above or below 250m that, the maximum area was given by rectangle of sides 250m by 250m. This shows that a square gives the maximum area for a rectangle. Isosceles Triangles The second shape that I will test will be an isosceles triangle. Having carried out tests for a rectangle I am going to see whether the maximum area will be bigger, smaller or the same as that of a rectangle. I am also going to find out whether the number of sides affects the results and whether there are any similarities in results to a triangle. This will help me find the shape that gives the maximum area. As previously for rectangles I will test some different sized isosceles triangles that have an area of 1000m. The formula for the area of a triangle is BASE x HEIGHT divided by 2 or bh/2. I cannot find the area without knowing what the height of the triangle is. To find the height of the triangle I must use Pythagoras. This states that for a right-angled triangle a2+b2=c2 or the square hypotenuse is equal to the sum of square of the other two sides. Therefore to find the height I must split the triangle in half and then use half of the base to help me find the height. The square height will therefore be equal to the square of the hypotenuse minus the square of half the base. In the below examples b = base, s = one equal side of the triangle and h = height. Triangle A: b = 500m s = 250m b/2 = 250m h = 2502-2502 h = 0m Area = 250 x 0 / 2 Area = 0m2 Triangle B: b = 400m s = 300m b/2 = 200m h = 3002-1002 h = ?50000m h = 223.6068m Area = 400 x 223.6068 / 2 Area = 44721.35955m2 Triangle C: b = 200m s = 400m b/2 = 100m h = 4002-1002 h = ?150000m h = 387.29833m Area = 200 x 387.29833 / 2 Area = 38729.38466m2 After completing the above tests I will create a spreadsheet with formulae to carry out more calculations. The headings will consist of Base, 1 equal side, Perimeter, Height and Area. Under the base heading there will be a variable number between 1 and 500. The first formula will be used to calculate the length of one equal side of the isosceles triangle. The formula will be =(1000-B2)/2 where B2 is the base. It will be divided by 2 because 1000-B2 would give the sum of the two equal sides together. As previously , for the rectangles, there will be a formula to check that the perimeter is 1000m. This will be the base plus, one equal side multiplied by two or =B2+(C2*2). The main formula in this spreadsheet will be the one used to find the height. In a spreadsheet there are codes that represent calculations carried out. These are put at the front of the formula and the substitute for square root is SQRT. So my formula will be the square root of 1 equal side squared, minus half the base squared. However before entering my formula I found out that using the power sign (^) doesn't give accurate results and in order to square numbers I must multiply the number by itself instead of using such a sign. Therefore the formula entered into the spreadsheet will be =SQRT((C2*C2)-((B2/2)*(B2/2))) Finally under the area heading there will be a formula. This will be =(B2*E2)/2 where B2 is the base and E2 is the height. This formula is the same as the one used previously to calculate the area of a triangle. The formulas and headings will be entered in as shown in the table below. Base (m) 1 Equal Side (m) Perimeter (m) Height (m) Area (square m) 200 =(1000-B2)/2 =B2+(C2*2) =SQRT((C2*C2)-((B2/2)*(B2/2))) =(B2*E2)/2 Having entered the correct information I will be able to calculate the areas of many different sizes of isosceles triangles with a perimeter of 1000m. I can do this in Microsoft Excel by dragging the formula boxes down, thus duplicating them but allowing them to refer to a different base. (Please see tables and graphs [Fencing Problem for Isosceles Triangles}) As before I entered a range bases between 1m and 499m. I then plotted a graph of base against area and found that unlike the results for a rectangle there wasn't a perfect curve in order to find the line of symmetry, to aid my search. However I could tell that the maximum area would be given by a triangle with a base between 300m and 400m Hypothesis I predict that the maximum area will be given by a triangle with equal sides. I have decided this because the maximum area for a rectangle was given by a square and that my graph shows that the base must be between 300m and 400m. For a triangle with equal sides and a perimeter of 1000m the base would be 333.33†¦meters. Poof (Please see tables [Fencing Problem for Isosceles Triangles}) To prove my hypothesis I refined my search around the maximum area of the first table and then the second table, followed by the third table and so on. Eventually I found that, to 2 decimal places, the maximum area was given by a triangle of equal sides which is 333.33m to every side. This shows that an equilateral triangle gives the maximum area for a triangle and this proves my hypothesis right. Regular Polygons Having tested isosceles triangles and rectangles I found that regular sided shapes give the maximum area. I know this because the maximum area of an isosceles triangle is given when the sides are each 333.33m. The maximum area given by a rectangle is give by a square with 250m sides. I have also that as you increase the number of sides the area increases because the maximum area for a rectangle is 62500m2, and the maximum area for an isosceles triangle is 48112.52243m2. As a result of these findings I am going to test regular sided polygons. Having split the pentagon into isosceles triangles and then into right angled triangles I can now find the area. I know that the base of the triangle is 100m however I do not know the height. Before finding the height I must work out what the internal angle is. To find this I will divide 360 by the number of right-angled triangles (in this case 10). I can now tell the following about the triangle: – I can now use Trigonometry to find the height of the triangle. SOH CAH TOA I know what the opposite is and the angle, and I want to know what the adjacent is. I will therefore use the formula TAN=Opposite/Adjacent. Therefore Adjacent=Opposite/TAN. So the height in metres will be: Height = 100/TAN36 Height = 137.638192m Area of 1 Isosceles Triangle = (200*137.638192)/2 Area of 1 Isosceles Triangle = 13763.819205m2 Area of Pentagon = 13763.819205*5 Area of Pentagon = 68819.09602 m2 After completing the above tests I will create a spreadsheet with formulae to carry out more calculations. The headings will consist of Number of Sides, 1 Equal Side, Perimeter, Internal Angle of 1 Triangle, Half Angle, Height (of internal isosceles triangle), Area of 1 Triangle and Total Area. Under the first heading (Number of Sides) there will be a variable, whole, number between 3 and as higher number as desired (e.g. 30). Under the second heading there will be a formula to calculate the length of one equal side. The formula will be =1000/A3 where A3 is the number of sides. As in all the other tests there will be a formula to check that the perimeter is 1000m. This will tell me if I have made an error in any of the previous cells. So far so good, however before I continue I must point out that a computer spreadsheet doesn't work in degrees to measure angles. It measures in radians where a complete rotation is 2?. Also ? is represented by PI() in a spreadsheet. So instead of using 360 in my formula under the Internal Angle of 1 Triangle heading I will use 2*PI()/A3 where A3 is the number of sides. Under the Half Angle heading there will be a formula that will be =D3/2 where D3 is the internal angle of one triangle. This gives the internal angle of 1 right-angled triangle. My main formula will go under the Height heading and it will use Tan which is substituted by TAN in a spreadsheet. It will be =(B3/2)/TAN(E3) where B3 is 1 equal side and E3 is the angle inside a right-angled triangle. The area of one isosceles triangle will be calculated using the formula =(B3*F3)/2 where B3 is one equal side and F3 is the height. Finally the total area will be calculated by multiplying the area of one isosceles triangle by the number of sides. The formula entered will be =G3*A3 where G3 is the area of one triangle and A3 is the number of sides. The formulas and headings will be entered in as shown in the table below. Number 1 Equal Side Perimeter Internal Angle Half Angle Height Area of 1 Triangle Total Area of Sides (m) (m) of 1 Triangle (rad.) (rad.) (m) (square m) (square m) 5 =1000/A3 =B3*A3 =2*PI()/A3 =D3/2 =(B3/2)/TAN(E3) =(B3*F3)/2 =G3*A3 Having entered the correct information I will be able to calculate the areas of many regular polygons with different numbers of sides and with a perimeter of 1000m. I can do this in Microsoft Excel by dragging the formula boxes down, thus duplicating them but allowing them to refer to a different number of sides. Hypothesis I predict that as you increase the number of sides the area increases because the maximum area for a rectangle is 62500m2, and the maximum area for an isosceles triangle is 48112.52243m2. Proof (Please see graph and table [Fencing Problem for Regular Polygons]) Used my spreadsheet to calculate the areas of polygons with sides ranging from 3 to 30. The polygons with 3 and 4 sides were used to test that my formula worked correctly. I plotted a graph showing the number of sides against the area and found that, as predicted, as the number of sides increased so too did the area. Circle After my findings from carrying out tests on regular polygons I have decided to test circle. I have decided this because as the number of sides of a regular polygon increase so too does the area and a circle is an infinitely sided regular polygon. Hypothesis I predict that a circle will give the largest area because of my tests on regular polygons. I also predict that the maximum area given will be pretty close to that of a regular polygon with 30 sides (79286.37045m2) because of the curve on the graph plotted for the regular polygon section. To find the area of a circle I will be required to use the formulae 2?r and ?r2. The circumference must be 1000m and before finding the area I need to find the radius. Radius = (1000/2)/? r = 500/? r = 159.1549431m Area = ?*159.15494312 Area = 79577.47155m2 To complete this in a spreadsheet under the circumference heading I would enter 1000. Under the radius heading I would use the formula =(C2/2)/PI() where C2 is the circumference. Finally under the Area heading I would enter the formula =PI()*(D2*D2) where D2 is the radius. The headings and formulas will be entered as shown in the table below. Number of Sides Circumference (m) Radius (m) Area (square m) Infinite 1000 =(C2/2)/PI() =PI()*(D2*D2) Formula – 2?r (Circumference/2)/? ?r2 Proof Number of Sides Circumference (m) Radius (m) Area (square m) Infinite 1000 159.1549431 79577.47155 The table above clearly proves my hypothesis correct. The working out also proves my hypothesis correct. Conclusion Having completed the spreadsheet table I can conclude that a circle gives the maximum area and that the result was close to that given by a 30 sided regular polygon. A circle provides the maximum area possible for fencing of length 1000m. The maximum area possible is: – 79577.47155m2